Telecommuting Essays - Working Time, Employment, Technology

Telecommuting Telecommuting is an electronic mode of doing work outside the office that traditionally has been done in the office. This is done with a computer terminal in the employee's home. It is working at home utilizing current technology, such as computers, modems, and fax machines. Traditionally, people have commuted by cars, buses, trains, and subways, to work and back. Through the innovation of telecommuting, the actual necessity to change location in order to accomplish this task has been challenged on the basis of concerns for energy conservation, loss of productivity, and other issues. One advantage of telecommuting is energy conservation. A tremendous amount of energy is required to produce transportation equipment such as automobiles, buses trains, and subways. If telecommuting is promoted, there will be less use of this equipment and less energy will be required for production, maintenance, and repair of this equipment. Fuel resources needed to operate this equipment will be reduced. The building and repair of highways and maintenance require a large consumption of energy, not only in the operation of equipment, but also in the manufacture and transportation of the required materials. An increase in the percentage of people telecommuting to work will decrease the need for expanded highways and associated road maintenance. Once a person arrives at a central office working location, he or she represents another energy consumer, often times magnified over what would be required at home. The office building has heating, cooling, and lighting needs, and the materials to build it and maintain it require energy in their production and transportation. Working from home requires only modest incremental demands on energy for heating, cooling, and lighting needs, and makes effective use of existing building space and facilities. Telecommuting also improves productivity. With telecommuting, one no longer needs to be always preparing for the commute and for being presentable. One can go to work simply by tossing on a robe and slippers, grabbing a cup of coffee and sitting down at the terminal. Employees are no longer interrupted by the idle chatter that inevitably takes place at the central work place - some of it useful for work, but a lot of it is a waste of time and a perpetual interruption. Additionally, telecommuting reduces family related stress by allowing involvement with family and flexibility in location work site. Working in the home offers people a greater opportunity to share quality time with family members, to promote family values and develop stronger family ties and unity. Also, time saved through telecommuting could be spent with family members constructively in ways that promote and foster resolution of family problems. Since the actual location a telecommuter works from isn't relevant, the person could move to another town. This would alleviate the stress caused when a spouse has an opportunity to pursue his or her career in another town and must choose between a new opportunity or no opportunity, because their spouse does not want to or cannot change employment. If either person could telecommute, the decision would be much easier. Telecommuting does have its disadvantages. The most obvious disadvantage is the overwhelming cost of starting a telecommuting program. A study by Forrester Research, Inc. reveals that it costs $30,000 to $45,000 a head to train prospective telecommuters. After the first year, however, per-user spending is cut to about $4,000. Employees are starting to see telecommuting policies as a benefit, and companies offering it will be more competitive. Another disadvantage is the psychological impact it may have on employees. Executives who have labored for years to win such corporate status symbols as secretaries and luxurious corner offices are reluctant to shed their hard-won perks. Some employees also complain that their creativity has been dampened by lack of interaction with their co-workers. A telecommuting program can be put in place by following a few tips from Lower costs spur move to more telecommuting, an article by Mindy Blodgett: 1) Form a telecommuting team that includes technical experts, upper managers and human resources staff, and assign a telework coordinator. 2) Contact other companies to learn from their experiences. 3) Train participants and supervisors. 4) Monitor the program through surveys before and after a pilot Technology Essays

Definition and Examples of Gradatio in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Gradatio in Rhetoric Gradatio is a  rhetorical term for a sentence construction in which the last word(s) of one clause becomes the first of the next, through three or more clauses (an extended form of anadiplosis). Gradatio has been described as the marching or climbing figure of speech. Also known as  incrementum and the marching figure (Puttenham) Jeanne Fahnestock points out that gradatio could be described as one of the patterns of topic/comment or given/new organization identified by 20th-century text linguists, where the new information closing one clause becomes the old information opening the next (Rhetorical Figures in Science, 1999). Etymology From the Latin, gradationem ascent by steps; a climax. Examples They call for you: The general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor. Striking story.(Joaquin Phoenix in the film Gladiator, 2000)Men often hate each other because they fear each other; they fear each other because they dont know each other; they dont know each other because they can not communicate; they can not communicate because they are separated.(Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story, 1958)In the loveliest town of all, where the houses were white and high and the elms trees were green and higher than the houses, where the front yards were wide and pleasant and the back yards were bushy and worth finding out about, where the streets sloped down to the stream and the stream flowed quietly under the bridge, where the lawns ended in orchards and the orchards ended in fields and the fields ended in pastures and the pastures climbed the hill and disappeared over the top toward the wonderful wide sky, i n this loveliest of all towns Stuart stopped to get a drink of sarsaparilla.(E.B. White, Stuart Little. Harper, 1945) One voice can change a room. And if it can change a room, it can change a city. And if it can change a city, it can change a state. And if it can change a state, it can change a nation. And if it can change a nation, it can change a world.(Barack Obama, presidential campaign speech in Des Moines, Iowa, November 5, 2012)The only graceful way to accept an insult is to ignore it; if you cant ignore it, top it; if you cant top it, laugh at it; if you cant laugh at it, its probably deserved.(Russell Lynes)We glory in tribulations also: knowing that tribulation worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope: and hope maketh not ashamed; because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost which is given unto us.(Paul, Romans 5:3)If you sow a thought, you reap an act. If you sow an act, you reap a habit. If you sow a habit, you reap a character. And if you sow a character, you reap a destiny.(anonymous, quoted by Samuel Smiles in Life and Labor, 1887) She abandoned religion for mesmerism, mesmerism for politics, and politics for the melodramatic excitements of philanthropy.(Vivian in Oscar Wilde’s The Decay of Lying, 1891)Design must have had a designer. That designer must have been a person. That person is GOD.(William Paley, Natural Theology, 1963)All our knowledge brings us nearer to our ignorance,All our ignorance brings us nearer to death,But nearness to death no nearer to God.(T. S. Eliot, Chorus from The Rock, 1934)It takes an egg to make a henIt takes a hen to make an eggThere is no end to what Im sayingIt takes a thought to make a wordAnd it takes a word to make an action.(Jason Mraz, Life is Wonderful) Shakespeares Use of Gradatio My conscience hath a thousand several tongues,And every tongue brings in a several tale,And every tale condemns me for a villain.(William Shakespeare, King Richard III, 1591?)[F]or your brother and my sister no sooner met but they looked; no sooner looked but they loved; no sooner loved but they sighed; no sooner sighed but they asked one another the reason; no sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy; and in these degrees have they made a pair of stairs to marriage which they will climb incontinent, or else be incontinent before marriage . . ..(Rosalind to Orlando in William Shakespeares As You Like It, Act Five, scene 2) Pronunciation: gra-DA-see-o

Apush Dbq American Revolution

In reaction to the Tea Act, one of the taxes placed on imported goods to America, the New York Sons of Liberty wrote several resolutions to protest against it. These resolutions were signed by all different social classes, which signifies a change in society, because while in Britain only the wealthy and educated were permitted to participate in governmental choices, a very broad spectrum of society was able to be an active participant in how they wanted their government to be run. Although the lower class was not necessarily in congress, their ideas were able to represented by the people that they elected to express their ideas. Some who wish to argue the idea that the American Revolution was not a full revolution may bring into light the women of the revolution, and how there was not a huge change for them. Even though their was not an extremely significant change for them, American women were given a multitude of rights that were not given to women in Britain at the time. The women of America were able to go out to war with the men to protect them, and at times even take their place when a man was wounded and could not fulfill his duties on the battlefield. Additionally, they were often left in charge of the business and upholding of the household when their husbands went out to war. In summation, American women played many roles that were not typical of them in that time period; showing a revolutionary new way of thinking that involved women. After the surrender at Yorktown, a cartoon by James Gillray was made as a warning to the British that since they were able to defeat the British once, they could do it again should they try to overtake America and their freedoms again. While this act in itself was not a revolution, it was representative of the revolutionary ideas in the works of the United States of America. The American Revolution was the transference of power from a monarchial government to that of a representative democracy that was able to reflect the ideas and desires of all free white men of America; indicating that it was in actuality a revolution and not an expeditious rebellion. Apush Dbq American Revolution In reaction to the Tea Act, one of the taxes placed on imported goods to America, the New York Sons of Liberty wrote several resolutions to protest against it. These resolutions were signed by all different social classes, which signifies a change in society, because while in Britain only the wealthy and educated were permitted to participate in governmental choices, a very broad spectrum of society was able to be an active participant in how they wanted their government to be run. Although the lower class was not necessarily in congress, their ideas were able to represented by the people that they elected to express their ideas. Some who wish to argue the idea that the American Revolution was not a full revolution may bring into light the women of the revolution, and how there was not a huge change for them. Even though their was not an extremely significant change for them, American women were given a multitude of rights that were not given to women in Britain at the time. The women of America were able to go out to war with the men to protect them, and at times even take their place when a man was wounded and could not fulfill his duties on the battlefield. Additionally, they were often left in charge of the business and upholding of the household when their husbands went out to war. In summation, American women played many roles that were not typical of them in that time period; showing a revolutionary new way of thinking that involved women. After the surrender at Yorktown, a cartoon by James Gillray was made as a warning to the British that since they were able to defeat the British once, they could do it again should they try to overtake America and their freedoms again. While this act in itself was not a revolution, it was representative of the revolutionary ideas in the works of the United States of America. The American Revolution was the transference of power from a monarchial government to that of a representative democracy that was able to reflect the ideas and desires of all free white men of America; indicating that it was in actuality a revolution and not an expeditious rebellion.

Ted Baker Plc Ratio Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ted Baker Plc Ratio Analysis - Essay Example The P/E ratio for Ted baker Plc shows that the company has 1 worth of annual- per share earnings for every 17.4 in the share price. The company's P/E ratio is lower than that of the companies in the same sector. This ratio reveals the percentage of dividends paid to shareholders in dividends. Ted baker Plc's dividend payout is 39.92% of the earnings per share and the retail apparel industry's average for dividend payout is 20.93%, therefore the company has more potential for investment in terms of dividend paid by the company. The gross margin assesses the company's profit after accounting for production and distribution costs. The company's gross margin is 59% of the total turnover, which is lesser than the industrial average for this ratio. This shows that the company is incurring less cost of sales than the other companies in the industry, which is influencing its gross margin of profit. The operating margin is assesses the profitability of a company after accounting for all the operating costs. The operating margin for the retail apparel sector is showing as negative, whereas the operating margin for Ted baker Plc is 16.5% of the total turnover. It is much attractive for an investor to invest in a company with high profit margins. The Earning Per Share analysis is important for the investors who are interested in the market of price of company's shares. The EPS of Ted baker Plc is higher than the sector average, therefore has potential for investment than the other companies in the industry. EPS Growth Sector Ted baker Plc 97.11 20.7 The Earning Per Share of Ted baker Plc is growing at a slower rate than that of the industry. This shows that although the company has offered more EPS than the other companies in the same sector for the year 2005, but it has a much slower growth rate of EPS than its competitors in the industry. Dividend per share Sector Ted baker Plc 0.03 0.108 The dividend per share paid by the company is more than that of the other companies in the sector. Therefore, Ted baker Plc offers investment potential for the investors that invest in the company to gain return out of dividends paid by company. Dividend estimate Yield Sector Ted baker Plc 2.41 2.49 The dividend yield ratio is calculated by comparing the latest dividend paid by the company with the current market price of the company's shares. The dividend yield of Ted baker Plc is almost the same as paid by the other companies in the industry. Interest expense coverage Sector Ted baker Plc 108.66 76.71 This ratio reveals the ability of a company to cover its interest expense after accounting for all the operating costs incurred by the company. Ted baker Plc's interest cover ratio is lesser than the sector average. In the year 2005, the company generated returns of about 76.71% of the total interest expense, not enough to cover the interest even a single time. CONCLUSION After the above analysis, it is clear that Ted baker Plc off

International Money and Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Money and Finance - Assignment Example Wilson Cobbett Ltd during 1870s (Yahoo Finance 2007). With this humble beginning, the business organization has risen to become one of the world's recognized aviation companies capitalizing on its leading market position and strong growth potential. BBA Aviation reports annual sales of 1 million, employs approximately 10, 700 individuals, and operates in 11 countries. The company's major markets include the United States, Asia, the United Kingdom and Europe, while maintaining its headquarters in London, England (BBA Aviation Plc 2007). BBA Aviation Plc focuses on the provision of flight support services and aftermarket services and systems. The company's Annual Report 2006 states that it focuses on extending primary services such as "providing flight support to business and commercial aircraft at almost 150 locations worldwide; overhauling turbine engines together with the supply and repair of related components; licensing components from OEM s [Original Equipment Manufacturers] and assuming responsibility for their support in the Aftermarket; designing, manufacturing, and repairing of aircraft landing gear and hydraulic systems; and training pilots and the provisions of other services at Oxford airport." During 2006, BBA Aviation reports a total turnover of 950.1 million, 556.4 million (59%) of which is shared by its flight support division while the remaining 393.7 million (41%) is accounted for by its aftermarket services and systems (Annual Report 2006). Figure 1 further divides the company's total turnover in 2006 among its business units. Figure 1. Shares of Business Units in BBA Aviation's Total Turnover (2006, in million) III. The Global Aviation Market Armed with its commitment in the provision of excellent products and services to its customers and its cultivated expertise gained through its experience in the market, BBA Aviation is recognized as one of the leaders in the global aviation market. Based on the total value of its turnover in 2006, BBA Aviation's biggest market is the business and general aviation market which accounts for 65% of its total revenue. The company also captures a large share in the commercial aviation primarily on flight support as this segment provides 30% of its turnover. The business organization has a very limited presence in the military market which shares a meager 5% to its gross earnings (Annual Report 2006). Figure 2. The Markets of BBA Aviation (based on sales percentage) A. General and Business Aviation The company's operation in the general and business aviation market has been challenged by the historically high crude oil costs coupled with the rise in average retail jet fuel prices. Amidst these threats in the market environment, BBA Aviation Plc reports a generally "robust growth" as "business aircraft utilization recovered and remained strong" after the "temporary softening in flying hours during the early 2006" (Annual Report 2006). The business organization's outlook for this market segment is bright as demand for its products and services are expected to rise driven by "the continued growth of traditional corporate flight

A PhD in the field of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

A PhD in the field of Pharmaceutical Sciences Statement of Purpose Essay Statement of Purpose I am determined to pursue a PhD in the field of Pharmaceutical Sciences with an emphasis on formulation and development of new drug entities. During pharmaceutics lab sessions in my second year as an undergraduate, I was engaged in making different drug formulations (Pharmaceutics). It was here I began to wonder how these dosage forms were being formulated to achieve optimum therapeutic response which led me to the goal of pharmaceutical technology. During my B.pharm in Pune University, my appetite for pharmaceutics led me to pursue a masters in pharmaceutics. I worked hard, studying various Novel drug delivery systems such as Micro-particulate systems, chrono-modulated drug delivery systems, various polymeric dosage forms, etc. Not to negate this hard work, I couldnt be more proud of what I accomplished in my research on the Development and evaluation of Floating microspheres of Pioglitazone hydrochloride and developed new dosage form for the delivery of the anti-diabetic drug. As compared to conventional dosage form (tablet) of Pioglitazone hydrochloride, this new dosage form prolongs the delivery of drug and retains it for nearly 12 hours in the stomach region, where maximum release of the drug is possible. My mark on the field has just begun My interests grew as I viewed at close quarters current developments in pharmaceutics, in particular as it relates to formulation and development of drug molecules. It is marvellous to see how a molecule, inefficacious in conventional formulations, can do wonders when used in a Novel Drug Delivery System like Microparticles. I feel the need to delve more deeply into my Masters research topic of Microparticles and do more research into areas of Micro/nanotechnology, to study in detail the development of Micro/nanoparticles as carriers to deliver aniticancer agents, genes, vaccines, etc. I have published 2 research papers, 1 other is accepted for publication and another one under revision, which gave me intense experience of the overall procedure for publication from designing experiments 25/8/2013 2:13 PM a PhD in the field of Pharmaceutical Sciences Statement of Purpose http://www.essayforum.com/graduate-essays-4/phd-field-pharmaceutic Inspiration and enthusiasm well up in me when I am at work; I have gained professional experience by working for about 1year as Trainee chemist (FD) at Zest Pharma and about 6 months as Chemist (FD) at Aristo Pharma in India. During this period I become completely familiar with Preformulation studies, Formulation development and standardization of different oral solid dosage forms. Of course now I want to move forward ahead toward a Ph.D. I chose National University of Singapore (NUS) because of the exceptional research projects in the field of Pharmaceutics. I am mostly intrigued by Dr. Chans project concerning study of different techniques of microencapsulation and also Dr. Liews projects on Granulation and pelletization techniques. I am confident of making an original contribution to the field of Pharmaceutics and also because the facilities at NUS seem to foster a healthy research environment as I could gather from the brochure of your department. Also NUS provides a very thorough and effective foundation for work in the Industrial/Organizational field. I intend to pursue a career in the area of research and development for private industry; therefore NUSs high placement rate, along with all above qualities, is imperative to me and my career. It is my intention to make a significant contribution to my chosen field and I look forward to our relationship with great eagerness. Â  Nov 7, 2011, 06:43am #2 any one can please take a look at my SOP and comment on possible changes EF_Susan [Moderator] Nov 10, 2011, 12:25pm #3 My mark on the field has just begun. I feel the need to delve more deeply into my Masters research topic of Microparticles and to do more research into areas of Micro/nanotechnology, to study in detail the development of Micro/nanoparticles as carriers to deliver aniticancer agents, genes, vaccines, etc. I have published 2 research papers, and one other is accepted for publication and another I have taught lectures have taken practicals of Physical Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics-II) of second year under-graduate students. Of course n Now I want to move forward ahead toward a Ph.D. Looks like theyll be very lucky to have you as a student! Â  Similar discussions: PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Rejected for the last time when applied) Reasons for applying Master of Science (MSc) programme in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Dynamic research group of UF; University of Florida/ PhD(Pharmaceutical Sciences)-SOPÂ   Thesis statement for my sop (field of lifesciences/clinical sciences) Need ideas! Research on Jacalin plant; Study Objective for Fulbright Pharmaceutical Sciences Statement of Purpose for a major in Fluid/Thermal Sciences (MS Mechanical) Statement of Purpose for Graduate School in Bioarchaeology field in the UK Statement of Purpose for Chemical engineering in smart polymers field (the field of Oncology) Statement of Purpose Masters in Physician Assistant The burgeoning field of Computer Science my Statement of Purpose Random: Obeying to the demands of Mrs. Sanderson; Significant Experience/ UC This thread has been closed. 25/8/2013 2:13 PM a PhD in the field of Pharmaceutical Sciences Statement of Purpose 4 of 4 http://www.essayforum.com/graduate-essays-4/phd-field-pharmaceutic 25/8/2013 2:13 PM

Figures of the Renaissance - Ferdinand Magellan :: essays research papers fc

Figures of the Renaissance Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan was a leader of the Renaissance and a benefactor to modern science. The results of his voyage around the globe were such that the average person living during the Renaissance re-thought their paradigms of the world surrounding them, even know most scholars and other educated types knew that in fact, the world was round in shape. Ferdinand, however, proved it. Thus he lays claim to having circumnavigated the first voyage around the world. Born 1480 to lesser nobles living near Vila Real in northern Portugal, Magellan was raised as a page to the Portuguese king John II in the royal court at Lisbon. Magellan was educated from then on, becoming interested in geography and astronomy, thus in 1496 he became a squire. In the year 1505 Magellan would get his first taste of the sea, at the age of 20. He was sent to India to install Portuguese viceroy Francisco de Almeida, as well as establish naval bases along the way. As it turns out, Magellan also had his first combat experience on this mission. A local king refused to pay a tribute to the king, and as such Magellan and Almeida’s party attacked, conquering the city of Kilwa in what is now modern-day Tanzania. Magellan continued to do well in his seafaring missions, and was eventually promoted to captain, when in 1510 he sailed a ship east without permission losing him his command and forcing him back to Portugal. After being sent on a mission against a Moorish-Morocc an force, he received a knee injury after which he was accused of illegal trade with the Moors. This coupled with a bad report of Magellan by Almeida to the Portuguese court after Magellan took leave without permission caused him to fall out of favor with current King Emanuel I, who told Magellan that after May 15, 1514. Thus Magellan renounced his nationality and changed his name from the Portuguese "Fernà £o de Magalhà £es" to the Spanish "Fernando de Magallanes" and sought to offer his services to the Spanish court. Upon reaching Spain, Magellan found friends and gained some amount of influence in the Spanish port of Seville. One such influence worth naming is Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, rival to Christopher Columbus. Somewhere along the way Magellan had acquired a map that indicated there was a passage through South America that led to the Pacific Ocean, Magellan believed that through this was a route to the Spice Islands, which in this time were very sought after within the spice trade.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS INTRODUCTION Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a very serious complication of diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased body ketone concentrations. The most common causes of DKA are infection and poor compliance with medication regimens. Other causes include undiagnosed diabetes, alcohol abuse, and a multitude of medical conditions such as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), complicated pregnancy, myocardial infarction, pancreatitis, and stress. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a complicated pathology.Early recognition of DKA, a good understanding of the pathological processes of DKA, and aggressive treatment are the keys to successful treatment. With good care, DKA can be managed and the patient will survive. OBJECTIVES When the student has finished studying this module, he/she will be able to: 1. Identify the correct definition of DKA. 2. Identify a basic function of insulin. 3. Identify the insulin dera ngements of types I and II diabetes. 4. Identify the basic cause of DKA. 5. Identify two specific causes of DKA. 6. Identify the two pathogenic mechanisms that produce the signs/symptoms of DKA. . Identify metabolic consequences of increased hormone concentrations in DKA. 8. Identify the criteria used to diagnose DKA. 9. Identify common signs and symptoms of DKA. 10. Identify laboratory abnormalities seen in DKA. 11. Identify complications of DKA. 12. Identify the three most important therapies for treating DKA. 13. Identify the correct roles of sodium bicarbonate and phosphate in treating DKA. 14. Identify an important rule for using potassium replacement in DKA. 15. Identify an important rule for switching from IV to subcutaneous insulin.EPIDEMIOLOGY Most cases of DKA are seen in patients with type I diabetes, but approximately 10%-30% of all cases of DKA occur in patients with type II diabetes. 1 The incidence of DKA appears to be rising, and this may not be related to the well p ublicized increase in the incidence of diabetes that has become a serious public health problem. 2 Diabetic ketoacidosis accounts for 50% of all diabetes-related admissions in young people with the disease, and DKA is the most common cause of diabetes-related death in children and adolescents with type I diabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis is much more common in children than in adults, it is more common in women than in men, and it is more common in Caucasians. 4 The exact incidence of death from DKA is not known, but it has been estimated to be between 1%-10%. 5 Survival depends on the severity of the case, the age of the patient, the presence/absence of certain medical conditions, and how quickly DKA is recognized and how effectively it is treated. If the condition is promptly diagnosed and properly treated, the mortality rate can be 250 mg/dL) metabolic acidosis (blood pH ? . 30) and an elevated level of serum ketones (> 5 mEq/L) and/or ketones in the urine. 11 Patients will also ha ve an anion gap (Na+ – Cl- + HCO3-), an elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and the serum amylase may be elevated. The total body phosphate level may be low but the serum level may be normal or elevated. At this time, there is no universally agreed upon consensus for the diagnostic criteria of DKA, and some sources feel that an anion gap > 10-12 mEq/L and serum bicarbonate (HCO3) ? 8 mEq/L should be part of the criteria. Learning Break: Some authors feel that most important test for diagnosing DKA is total blood ketone concentration. 12,13 The acidosis and hyperglycemia of DKA and the electrolyte changes that are so commonly seen in DKA are closely related. The shift in metabolism and the high concentration of acidic ketones seen in cases of DKA produces a metabolic acidosis. Acidosis and insulin deficiency causes potassium to shift from the intracellular space to the extracellular space and serum hyperkalemia is common.However, the osmotic diuresi s that is characteristic of DKA causes potassium to be excreted in the urine; although the serum potassium level may be high, the patient may be profoundly depleted. Sodium and phosphate are also excreted by the osmotic diuresis, and hyponatremia is common. However, the serum phosphate level is often falsely normal or falsely elevated because phosphate, like potassium, is excreted in the urine but acidosis induces phosphate to move from the intracellular space to the extracellular space.The serum level might be normal, but the actual total body load is low. Learning Break: The serum glucose can be very elevated in severe cases of DKA. However, serum glucose can be close to normal, and approximately 10% of patients with DKA will be euglycemic with a serum glucose ? 250 mg/dL. 14 COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS Patients who have diabetic ketoacidosis that is promptly recognized and promptly and correctly treated should survive. The complications of DKA are complications of trea tment and cerebral edema.Treatment complications are hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and occasionally pulmonary edema. These can be avoided by using low-dose insulin therapy, monitoring blood glucose very closely, and by carefully managing fluid replacement. Cerebral edema is a very serious complication of DKA. It occurs in approximately 1% of all children with DKA, but the mortality rate and the rate of neurological sequelae for these children have both been reported to be 21%, and the mortality rate and rate of sequelae can be as high as 24% and 26% respectively15,16 Adults with DKA rarely develop cerebral edema. 7 Signs and symptoms include mental status changes, bradycardia, seizures, abnormal response to pain, and decorticate and decerebrate posturing. TREATMENT FOR DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS The most important treatments for DKA are fluid replacement, insulin therapy, and correcting electrolyte balances. Obtain baseline serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, serum glucose, an arterial or venous blood gas (either one is appropriate), a complete blood count, an ECG, and a CXR. Consider other laboratory studies if DKA is thought to be caused by an underlying disease. Fluid replacement: Fluid replacement will replace the fluid deficit, help decrease the blood glucose level, and maintain renal function. If the patient is severely hypovolemic, give 1 liter of 0. 9% sodium chloride over 30 minutes. If the patient is mildly dehydrated, check the serum sodium. If it is normal or high, give 0. 45% sodium chloride IV at a rate of 250-500 mL/h. If the serum sodium is low, give 0. 9% sodium chloride IV at a rate of 15-20 mL/kg per hour. Once the blood glucose is approximately 200 mg/dL, a solution of % dextrose with 0. 45% sodium chloride can be used. 18Learning Break: In the first hour of treating a patient with DKA, fluid replacement is more important than insulin therapy and should take precedent. 19,20 †¢ Insulin therapy: Insulin is a critical part – perhaps the critical part – of the treatment of DKA. It can be given as an IV infusion or frequent subcutaneous injections: they are equally effective. Most clinicians prefer the IV route as the onset of action is quicker and the half-life is shorter with the IV route than the onset of action of and half-life of insulin given subcutaneously: because of that, therapy can be closely monitored.The American Diabetes Association recommends giving an initial IV bolus of regular insulin, 0. 1 U/kg. (Note: If the serum potassium is < 3. 3 mEq/L insulin should not be given). Following the bolus dose, start a continuous IV infusion of regular insulin at a rate of 0. 1 U/kg/h. An alternative is to omit the bolus dose and start a continuous IV infusion of regular insulin at a rate of 0. 14 U/kg/h. If the serum glucose does not decrease by 10% within an hour of starting the insulin, give 0. 14 U/kg as a bolus dose, then continue the IV infusion.Once the serum glucose is < 200 mg/dL, reduce the insul in dose to 0. 02-0. 05 U/kg/h or give subcutaneous doses of rapid-acting insulin, 0. 1 U/kg every two hours. The goal at this point is to keep the serum glucose between 150-200 mg/dL. 21 0. 1 U/kg IV bolus v 0. 1 U/kg/hr * v When serum glucose < 200 mg/dL, decrease infusion to 0. 02-0. 05 U/kg/h v Keep serum glucose between 150-200 mg/dL until DKA resolves * If serum glucose doesn’t v by at least 10% in the 1st hour of insulin therapy, give an IV bolus of 0. 14 U/kg and adjust the infusion. Correcting electrolyte imbalances: If the serum potassium is < 3. 3 mEq/L, do not start insulin therapy and give 20-30 mEq of potassium per hour until the serum level is >3. 3 mEq/L. Fluid replacement and insulin therapy lower blood sugar and correct acidosis and they also move potassium into the cells. If the serum potassium is < 3. 3 mEq/L, serious arrhythmias could result. Once the hypokalemia has been corrected, insulin therapy can be started, and 20-30 mEq of potassium can be added to each liter of IV solution in order to maintain a serum potassium level between 4. -5. 0 mEq/L. Learning Break: Serum glucose and serum potassium should be checked every hour until the patient is stable. Two other considerations for treatment are administering sodium bicarbonate to help correct the acidosis and replacing phosphate losses. Using sodium bicarbonate is controversial. Severe acidosis can decrease myocardial contractility, can cause and prolong coma, shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, etc. , so correcting an acidosis would seem important. However, there are risks involved (e. g. making body hypokalemia worse, cerebral edema), there are many clinical studies that indicate sodium bicarbonate therapy is not effective for patients with DKA, and for many patients the acidosis will correct with fluids and insulin and because they have adequate stores of bicarbonate. 22 The use of sodium bicarbonate should not be standard care for DKA. However, the Americ an Diabetes Association does recommend that if a patient has a severe acidosis with a pH < 6. 9, the patent should receive 100 mEq of NaHCO3 in 400 mL IV fluid along with 20 mEq of potassium chloride; this should be infused at 200 mL/h.Repeat this every two hours until the pH is ? 7. 0. 23 Low phosphate levels will usually correct as the hyperglycemia and acidosis are corrected, and phosphate replacement is not standard care for DKA. However, if the phosphate is very low – < 1. 0 mg/dL – or the patient has anemia, cardiac disease, or hypoxia, 20-30 mEq of phosphate can be given. 24,25 SWITCHING TO SUBCUTANEOUS INSULIN Diabetic ketoacidosis is considered to be resolved when the blood glucose is < 200 mg/dL and at least two of these laboratory values are present: a venous pH > 7. 3, an anion gap < 12 mEq/L, and a serum bicarbonate level > 15. mEq/L. 26 If these laboratory values are present and the patient can eat, it is safe to start subcutaneous insulin. Intravenous in sulin should be continued for one to two hours after the first dose of subcutaneous insulin has been given. If this is not done, hyperglycemia and ketosis may recur. NURSING CARE, PREVENTION AND EDUCATION When providing care for a patient in the acute phase of DKA, the nurse should focus on hydration status/fluid replacement, monitoring of acid-base status, serum glucose, and serum electrolytes, close observation of the patient’s neurological status, and vital signs.Once a case of DKA has resolved it is important to know why it happened. Infections, medical conditions, and drugs are common causes of DKA. However, one of the most important causes of DKA is patient non-compliance with diabetic treatment regimens: patients do not take their medication or do not take them properly, they fail to follow their prescribed diet and lifestyle plans, and they do not or cannot understand the basics of self-care and prevention as they relate to diabetes.If non-compliance was the cause of a particular case of DKA, it is very important to determine why the non-compliance occurred, and there many possible reasons. Some of the more common ones are: †¢ Poor access to medical care: The patient may not have access to health care information, may not have easy access to a physician, clinic, etc. , may not have or not know how to use community or public access health care resources. The patient may not have money for medications. Lack of information: The patient may have a poor understanding of diabetes, and the patient may not understand the treatment regimens that have been prescribed. Lack of information can be damaging in many ways. If the patient doesn’t understand the disease of diabetes, he/she might be less willing to comply with lifestyle and diet restrictions and less willing to take medications. The patient would not recognize possible warning signals of DKA. †¢ Emotional issues: For many people, diabetes requires lifestyle changes that they may n ot be willing to emotionally accept.Learning Break: Although it may be said that non-compliance happens when the patient fails to provide good self-care, the word fail typically has a negative connotation. Also, when many people hear the term non-compliance, they think of a person willfully failing to do what he/she knows is best. However, there are many cases of non-compliance that happen because the patient has not been properly educated, or doesn’t have or doesn’t know how to get the resources he/she needs.So when it has been determined that non-compliance was the cause of a particular case of DKA, interview the patient and find out a) the emotional impact of diabetes on the patient’s life, b) how much he/she knows about the disease and the treatments, and c) what financial, medical, personal, and social resources the patient has available for self-treatment. Some of these issues must be addressed by social workers, psychologists, or the patient’s phys ician. However, nurses have a primary role in supporting and educating patients who have had an incident of DKA related to on-compliance. The nurse will often be the first person to find out that the patient did not seek medical attention for an infection because of financial concerns, or due to inability to each a physician, or because of a lack of understanding of the implications of infection in diabetes. The nurse must then discuss making the appropriate referrals and then set up a teaching plan. Some of the nursing diagnoses that might apply in theses situations would be imbalanced nutrition, noncompliance, knowledge deficient, and risk for injury. SUMMARY Diabetic ketoacidosis is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and elevated body ketone concentrations. †¢ The basic cause of DKA is insulin deficiency, absolute or relative. The insulin deficiency most often occurs because of infection or non-compliance with diabetic treatment regimens . †¢ Excess hormone concentration and a metabolic shift are the pathogenic mechanisms that cause the signs and symptoms of DKA. †¢ The hormone concentrations cause hyperglycemia, and the metabolic shift causes acidosis and elevated body ketones. The basic diagnostic criteria for DKA are a blood glucose > 250 mg/dL, a serum pH < 7. 3, and elevated serum and/or urine ketone concentrations. †¢ Other important criteria are an anion gap > 10-12 mEq/L and serum bicarbonate (HCO3) ? 18 mEq/L. †¢ Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia are common in DKA. Hypophosphatemia can be seen. However, the total body load of potassium and phosphate is often low. †¢ Common signs and symptoms include dehydration, mental status changes, polydipsia, polyuria, vomiting, weakness, and weight loss. †¢ Complications of DKA include complications caused by treatment and cerebral edema. Treatment for DKA should focus on fluid replacement, insulin therapy, and correcting electrolyte abnormali ties. Sodium bicarbonate is not standard care. †¢ If DKA if promptly recognized and properly an aggressively treated, patients should survive. REFERENCES 1. Wilson JF. In the clinic: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010; 152:ITC-1-ITC-16. 2. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343. 3. Wolfsdorf J, Glaser N, Sperling MA.Diabetic ketoacidosis in infants, children, and adolescents: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1150-1159. 4. Hamdy O. Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. September 9, 2009. Available at: http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/118361. Accessed December 24, 2010. 5. Hamdy O. Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. September 9, 2009. Available at: http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/118361. Accessed December 24, 2010, 6. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343. . Rucker DW. Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. June 4, 2010. Available at: http://emedcine. medscape. com/article/766275. Accessed December 24, 2010. 8. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343. 9. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, Barrett EJ et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:131-153. 10. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343. 11. Hamdy O.Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. September 9, 2009. Available at: http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/118361. Accessed December 24, 2010. 12. Wilson JF. In the clinic: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010; 152:ITC-1-ITC-16. 13. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes . Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343. 14. Miles JM, Gehrich JE. Glucose and ketone body kinetics in diabetic ketoacidosis. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1983;1:303-319. 15. Glaser NS, Wooton-Gorges SL, Buonocore MH, Marcin JP, Rewers A, Strain J. et al. Frequency of sub-clinical cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatric Diabetes. 2006;7:75-80. 16. Wolfsdorf J, Glaser N, Sperling MA. Diabetic ketoacidosis in infants, children, and adolescents: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1150-1159. 17. Haringhuizen A, Tjan DHT, Grool A, van Vugt R, van Zanten ARH. Fatal cerebral oedema in adult diabetic ketoacidosis. The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2010;68:35-37. 18. Wilson JF. In the clinic: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010; 152:ITC-1-ITC-16. 19.Goyal N, Miller JB, Sankey SS, Mossallam U. Utility of initial bolus insulin in treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Journal of Emergency Medicin e. 2010;38:422-427. 20. Rucker DW. Diabetic ketoacidosis. eMedicine. June 4, 2010. Available at: http://emedcine. medscape. com/article/766275. Accessed December 24, 2010. 21. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343. 22. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343. 23.Wilson JF. In the clinic: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010; 152:ITC-1-ITC-16. 24. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JN, Murphy NB, Stentz FB. Thirty years of personal experience in hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2008;93:1541-1552. 25. Wilson JF. In the clinic: Diabetic ketoacidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010; 152:ITC-1-ITC-16. 26. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1335-1343.

Supply and Demand Easyjet

Assignment 2. 5 Supply, Demand and Easyjet The Marketing Mix is the name given to the elements which are the key components which a marketing plan should be based upon. Typically in Marketing literature there are four elements: price, place, promotion and product, however this is now sometimes expanded to incorporate another 3 elements: people, physical evidence and process. Pricing policy is clearly very important to the marketing mix and is affected by variables such as firm’s objectives, the nature of competition, demand and firm costs.Firms operate pricing in different ways according to their marketing strategy and the industry in which they participate; an example of pricing methods will be shown and evaluated further in the essay in reference to EasyJet and British Airways flight pricing. As mentioned in the introduction, the role of pricing within the marketing mix is a varied one depending on what the firm is trying to achieve and the conditions within which it is oper ating. This contradicts what economic theory tells us: that pricing should be based upon setting prices at the point where Marginal Revenue = Marginal Cost in order to maximise firm profits.However, in real life â€Å"few firms explicitly follow the economic model in developing pricing policy† (Doyle 1997), because firms may be trying to achieve other things than maximising profits such as gaining market share, in which case they could be using the loss-leader tactic (where prices are set at a point which actually makes a loss for the firm which they are able to recoup through customer retention once prices increase or through the sale of full price complementary products).Doyle suggests that there are several common type of pricing policies such as: market-penetration pricing, market-skimming pricing, cost-orientated pricing, perceived-value pricing and price discrimination. Market penetration pricing refers to the concept discussed above such as loss-leading where short-ter m profits are sacrificed in order to increase/gain a market share(Baker, 1997). Market-skimming is the practice of setting high prices with subsequent high profits and expect to only sell a small volume of products; this can only work if there is no risk of nother company being able to completely take-over your potential sales with a cheaper price. Cost-orientated pricing is where prices are set as a basic mark-up on top of product costs, which can be known in business as ‘cost-plus’ pricing or target pricing when it refers to a certain level of return on investment. Perceived value pricing is based on the perception that buyers have of your firm’s product relative to other products in the market. Finally, the concept of price discrimination is one of particular importance to this essay given its data content of airline pricing.Perfect price discrimination is an economic concept where a firm seeks to charge every buyer exactly the price that they are prepared to pay. In reality, this is very difficult to achieve as how can a firm possibly be expected to know the exact value which each individual buyer places on their product? The only way that perfect price discrimination can be achieved is through an auction format, but this is debatable. General Price discrimination is a common strategy, however, and this involves firms charging different groups of customer’s different prices for the same product.In order for it to work, Doyle states that â€Å"customers in the highest-price segment must not be allowed to buy from the lower-price segment† e. g. there must be boundaries in place to ensure that a high-price customer cannot sneakily purchase at the low price. Within the airline industry this is achieved by differentiating between time of bookings – long-term advance bookings are the lower price customers and bookings made close to the time of departure are high price customers. The prices for Easyjet flights from London Luton to Madrid are as follows below: †¢ Tomorrow = 124. 98 †¢ One week = 183. 98 One month= 82. 98 †¢ 3 months = 70. 98 The key difference between these prices is that the more in advance you book, typically the cheaper it is. This indicates that Easyjet flight pricing is based upon demand (and supply but supply is fixed) for the flights, as the further in advance you book, the cheaper it is and on the flipside if you discover you have to go to Madrid tomorrow the price is much higher as your need/demand is more urgent and thus you will pay a higher price. However the obvious exception here is that it is nearly ? 60 cheaper to fly out tomorrow than it is to fly out in a week’s time.I would suggest that this appears to be an anomaly, as the obvious pattern of decreasing prices with advance bookings coupled with the knowledge that Easyjet formulates it’s prices based on supply and demand for each particular day and thus rewarding advance bookings (lower d emand for far away dates) with cheaper prices suggests that this is an unusual occurrence. One reason for the flights in a week being higher than a flight tomorrow to Madrid may be because the flight in a week is the weekend before Valentine’s Day so may be booked up more than we would typically expect from a normal day a week in advance.This peak and higher price for a potentially popular weekend represents that Easyjet is employing an almost near perfect pricing scheme in an economic sense e. g. each consumer is being charged a slightly different price relative to the level of demand for the flights (there is a fixed supply due to the fixed number of seats available). [pic] The graph above represents graphically the information from the Easyjet website which is displayed in bullet points above.As is clear to see – apart from the peak at 1 week – there is a downwards trend over time which I would expect to be even more obvious if we were to add in more data for weeks between 1 week and 1 month and between the periods of 1 month and 3 months. The decrease in price does appear to be flattening between month and 3 months which I would advocate is because once we’re getting to booking a few months in advance the prices are getting near to Easy jet’s lowest price point so there isn’t much room to decrease- thus I would anticipate the bottom price for the journey being around the ? 0 mark (as at 3 months in advance it is ? 70. 98). Turning now to the British Airways data, below are the prices for a BA flight from London Heathrow to Madrid at the same time of day and date as the Easyjet prices above: †¢ Tomorrow = 316 †¢ One week = 217 †¢ One month= 130 †¢ 3 months =126 Again, we can see both in the data and in the graph below that the same price discrimination strategy is being pursued by British Airways as by Easyjet: the advance flights represent the cheap-price customer segment and the close flights ( next day to next few weeks) represent the high-price segment.In both companies the price discrimination policy works as they are able to enforce the different price/customer brackets because of time of purchase of travel tickets being the discriminating factor. Therefore similarities between the two airlines are in the nature of their pricing strategies – price differentiation – and therefore the decreasing trend in air fares if booked in advance. The differences between the two companies from the data collected appear to be two different things: firstly that British Airways has a higher base price than Easyjet (circa ? 20 to circa ? 70) and that British Airways has not taken into account high-demand special occasions such as Valentine’s Day weekend in its pricing in comparison to EasyJet, as shown by the lack of spike in price at the one week point on the British Airways graph. The higher base price of almost ? 50 more commanded by British Airways (BA) is proba bly due to both higher costs than EasyJet (who follow a low-cost strategy and thus deliver less service than BA on its flights e. g. ess cabin crew, no complimentary food/beverages, no free baggage check-in) and also the Brand-name of British Airways commanding a higher price. To conclude, pricing is a vital part of the marketing mix and overall strategy of all firms. Within the airline industry, the tendency is for price discrimination as due to the nature of travel and the booking of flights it is possible to discriminate between different bands of customers booking the same service based on their needs (economy, business class, first class) and their time of booking (advance, the day before etc. . From evaluation of comparable data taken from both EasyJet and British Airways it is clear to see that both are operating a policy of price-discrimination based on advance booking of fares. Bibliography Baker, J (1997) The Marketing Book, The Bath Press, Bath, UK. BritishAirways. com [o n-line] http://www. britishairways. com/travel/home/public/en_gb Doyle, P (1997) Managing the Marketing Mix, reproduced in The Marketing Book, The Bath Press, Bath, UK Easyjet corporate website [on-line] http://www. easyjet. com/EN

Music Styles Indie Rock

Music Styles Indie Rock Indie Rock is a genre of the alternative rock music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Music Styles: Indie Rock specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Killers is one of the most popular indie rock bands in the USA. The other famous indie rock bands are The White Stripes (USA), The Strokes (USA), Yeah Yeah Yeahs (USA), and Franz Ferdinand (UK). The indie rock bands round the world are The Cardigans (Sweden), Cutout Collective (South Africa), Beat Crusaders (Japan), and Molotov (Mexico). As a genre of the alternative rock, indie rock is characterised by the usage of guitar, bass, percussion, keyboards, and drums as the main instruments. However, this genre is extremely diverse in its nature because of being influenced by the other genres of the alternative rock, pop rock, and rock-n-roll and because of producing many other forms (Britpop, Indie Pop). The music of indie-rock bands is characterised by rather positive and lig ht or melancholic melodies performed by the ensemble of instruments which is traditionally used in rock music. Indie rock music is positioned as the non-commercial music that is why bands often make emphasis on the usage of unordinary approaches to melodies and vocal. Focusing on the acoustic performance, indie rock bands can also concentrate on the elements of electronic music. There is the significant variety in approaches to performing indie rock songs. The Killers is one of the most popular bands performing the indie rock music. For instance, The Killers’ song â€Å"Mr. Brightside† can be characterised by the rapid tempo, high vocal, strict rhythm, and rather ironical text. This song determines the basic features of the band’s music. The style of The Killers’ music can be compared with the music of Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Franz Ferdinand in relation to the features of performance and vocal. These bands’ songs are rather gentle, but rhythmic.Adverti sing Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The songs by The White Stripes are more depressive and melancholic in their melodies, and they can be discussed as rather slow and slack. Although the music of The Killers and The Strokes is similar regarding the instruments used, The Strokes’ songs are characterised by a slightly hysterical vocal and accents on guitar solos. Nevertheless, the songs which are performed by the above-mentioned groups reflect the main common features of the indie rock music. The situation is different in relation to the international variant of this music style. It is important to pay attention to the bands from Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia. There are few similarities in the music of The Killers, Cutout Collective, Beat Crusaders, and Molotov because of the impact of the national music’s peculiarities on the bands’ songs. Thus, Cuto ut Collective focuses on the electronic music, Beat Crusaders significantly refer to the Japanese rock, and Molotov combines the elements of rap, rock, and alternative rock in the band’s songs. Thus, in spite of the popularity gained as the indie rock bands, the mentioned bands cannot be discussed as typical representatives of this particular genre of the alternative rock. Nevertheless, the Swedish band The Cardigans can be considered as the typical representative of this music genre. The melodies and texts of The Killers and The Cardigans’ songs can be compared in relation to their emotionality and a kind of harshness. However, the songs of The Cardigans and The Killers can be also characterised as melodious and breathy, with strong accents on the usage of guitar music.

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American history - Essay Example Most families could remain behind working on the land to produce food. The Indians believed in communal ownership of land and therefore did not use land for economic purposes. It is also interesting to note that the Native Americans were not even educated in anyway including on the way to use their land but they could still survive. However, the entrance of the Britons changed and transformed the lives of the Indian culture in a totally different way. Indians’ transformation included the acceptance and adaptation of the English food and even better improved ways of hunting, farming and food preparation. Moreover, American history cannot be complete without the history of the Northerners and the Southerners who were very different in terms of economic empowerment and slavery. The northerners were very organized group and largely contributed to the development of infrastructures such as road and railway construction. Although, the Southerners also contributed to the building of infrastructure, it was not as significant as the Northerners did. The north was more of industrialists compared to the south who depended much on farming. Both north and South American societies started to build roads, irrigation systems and trade networks. The north America emphasized on freedom of all men regardless of differences in races and ethnicities. However, the south Britain was a kingdom of slaves and most of the slaves were working on the big firms owned by the rich. Slavery was very common in the south and there is a long history of slavery in the South compared to the North where slavery was markedly different. Slavery is one of the saddest things in history that has seen people from different races being mistreated. The blacks were the major target and victims of slavery act. Blacks were treated inhumanly in the society such that there was nowhere to hide or seek support. No one supported the blacks particularly the whites for a reason not known to date. Apart from be ing subjected to hard work, they were also being harmed in a very ruthless way without reward. How could someone be given extra work to do and the only reward is beatings and mistreatments? Furthermore, the blacks were being sold and exchanged like commodities only to be forced to work for the rich under unfriendly environment. Whoever bought the slaves could force them into hard life by working on plantations even without thorough and respectful treatment. One rich individual could buy many slaves to work under his control and just to selfishly benefit himself. Moreover, blacks were denied their rights perhaps because the whites thought that they were not complete human beings. It was unlawful for a black man to testify before a white man or even harm themselves with guns. The black slaves were also not allowed to go out of the farms or the plantations without permission from the supervisors. In addition, a black person was denied the right to read and write and even to gather in a group without the presence of a white man. Because of these frustrations of the blacks, Frederick Douglass who was a slave child and the Leader of abolitionist movement came out strongly to condemn slavery and racism. Douglass put more effort to end slavery and to create equality between blacks and whites. Frederick Douglass wrote "the distinction between the slave and free is not great. Southern free blacks could not vote and enjoy few economic

Evaluation of the Utilisation of Cataract Surgery Services in South Article

Evaluation of the Utilisation of Cataract Surgery Services in South India - Article Example Blindness is a major health problem in India. It has been estimated that about 12 million people are suffering from blindness in India, the dominant cause of which is cataract. Cataract accounts for nearly two-third of blind population in India. The Government of India launched National Programme for Control of Blindness in 1976 and the World Bank Assisted Cataract Blindness Control Project in 1994, with the aim to bring down the incidence of blindness from 1.4% to 0.3%. To achieve this, eye care infrastructure and human resources were developed, accessibility to eye care services were increased and quality of eye care services was improved. As a result, many cataract surgeries were performed and are being performed at various visual camps to restore vision of the affected persons. Cataract is easily treatable by surgery. Though extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) is much better than intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) in terms of outcome and patient satisfaction, not many surgeons are trained in ECCE. Also, it is much costlier and takes longer time. Consequently, a substantial part of cataract extractions are still performed as ICCEs. In a study by Nirmalan et al (2004), it has been reported that a large proportion of people who required eye care did not utilize eye care services at the time. In our study, we would like to evaluate the utilization of cataract surgery services mainly in South India and find out reasons for not utilization so that policies can be recommended to improve these health services.